Understanding the phase separation behaviour of microemulsions for enhanced oil recovery processes
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- Created: Friday, 03 November 2023 12:39
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Microemulsion mixtures are commonly used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes due to their high crude oil extraction efficiency. Generally, such mixtures consist of a thermodynamically stable dispersion of crude oil, surfactant, and water or brine. The phase behaviour of the mixture changes from Winsor I to Winsor II by the way of Winsor III when adjusting temperature, salinity, and pressure. The Winsor III state is the most desirable during the EOR process. The dispersion stability analysis system MultiScan MS 20 from DataPhysics Instruments (Fig. 2) is a compact and versatile measuring device for the optical stability and aging analysis of a variety of multi-phase dispersions. The phase behaviour of a crude oil, surfactant, and water mixture will be presented in this application note
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You can measure the cleanliness of components and packing materials with an automatic particle counter. The surface cleanliness is analysed indirectly by removing any particles from the surface through flushing, hosing, flooding or placing the item in an ultrasonic bath. The rinsing fluid is analysed with the liquid particle counter. The surface contamination is calculated by comparing the results with a blank measurement of the clean rinsing fluid.
Solubility is a critical consideration across a wide range of industries. 
Pinpointing a particle source can be a challenge in cleanrooms and laboratory flow equipment where the movement of clean air (which is the purpose of the air handling system) can mask particle generators such as faulty filters, motors, robots, operators and residual dust. 
There are various existing methods to determine whether water is clean and free from particulate contamination. In water treatment systems, both particle counters and turbidimeters are used for water quality control. Turbidimeters measure the collective amount of solid contaminants in liquids. The more turbid a liquid is, the higher the measuring value will be.
Matter under ambient conditions interacts with moisture and volatiles continuously. Exposure to heat and a high airflow over material will induce some form of drying. A material’s ability to resist rapid transitions between wet/hydrated states can be a good measure of stability.
The cleanliness control of hydraulic fluids is a typical application of optical particle counting with the aid of an Automatic Particle Counter. Hydraulic fluids are used for the transfer of energy in hydraulic systems. For smooth operation and uninterrupted maintenance of functionality, it is essential that the operating liquid is regularly controlled; a high degree of contamination could cause a malfunction within a component and may also lead to a complete system break-down. 
Annex 1 is a regulation that outlines manufacturing requirements for sterile drugs made in and imported to the EU. In August 2022, a new revision of the EU GMP Annex 1 regulatory standard for sterile drug products was released, replacing the most recent draft from 2020 and the existing revision from 2008. Contamination control is vital in pharmaceutical manufacturing, and the requirements for environmental monitoring remain essentially the same in this revision; changes in the recent revision of Annex 1 highlight strategic control through further alignment with existing regulations from other organizations, the concept of a contamination control strategy (CCS), the separation and expanded guidance on Cleanroom Classification and Cleanroom Monitoring, and the definition of Quality Risk Management (QRM) as a central principle to defining processes, operations, and limits.
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Abstract
ltiScan MS 20 dispersion stability analysis system from the measuring device manufacturer DataPhysics Instruments can now also analyse dispersions at sub-zero temperatures down to -10 °C.
Fuel is less viscous than oil. In low viscous fluids, the particles settle in the liquid and form a sediment at the bottom of the bottle (sedimentation). Individual particles might also stick together during storage and become agglomerated. Before a sample can be analysed with a laboratory measurement instruments, it needs to be prepared to redisperse the particles in the liquid. 
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Filderstadt, 3 April 2023. The innovative Zeta Potential Analyzer ZPA 20 has won the Best of Industry Award in the category 
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Hydraulic systems in the offshore Oil&Gas industry are operated with biodegradable hydraulic liquids for for safety and ecologic reasons . These water-glycols cause less harm than oil based hydraulic fluids if they accidentally flow into sea water. Water based fluids are also preferred because of their stable viscosity regardless of oscillating temperatures. Furthermore, they are fire resisting and hardly inflammable. Water based hydraulic fluids are used in the following offshore applications: Subsea Christmas Trees and Wellhead Assemblies, Hydraulic Power Units, Hydraulic Accumulators, Subsea Umbilicals, Hydraulic Valves and Control Systems.
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by Albrecht Truter
Learn about contamination control, cleanroom monitoring, particle counting, regulatory requirements, particle counting applications and more. Listen to Particle Measuring Systems’ educational and product podcasts 
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